Conclusions
A ”substantial” part of the observed differences in resistance are certainly due to different levels and patterns antimicrobial use
Better understand determinants of antimicrobial use in Europe and generate hypotheses for interventions
Study the possible adverse effects of restrictive and conservative antimicrobial use!
Some missing data should soon be provided by European collaborative projects, e.g. ESAC (primary health care and hospitals), ARPAC (mainly hospitals), SAR (self-medication with antibiotics)